Protein – A complex substance that is present in all living organisms.
A protein molecule is very large compared to molecules of sugar or salt and consists of many amino acids joined on a string. There are about 20 different amino acids that occur naturally in proteins. Proteins of similar function have similar amino acid composition and sequence. Although it is not yet possible to explain all of the functions of a protein from its amino acid sequence, established correlations between structure and function can be attributed to the properties of the amino acids of which proteins are composed. Plants can synthesize all of the amino acids; animals cannot, even though all of them are essential for life. Plants can grow in a medium containing inorganic nutrients that provide nitrogen, potassium, and other substances essential for growth. They utilize the carbon dioxide in the air during the process of photosynthesis to form organic compounds such as carbohydrates. Animals, however, must obtain organic nutrients from outside sources. Because the protein content of most plants is low, very large amounts of plant material are required by animals, such as ruminants (e.g., cows), that eat only plant material to meet their amino acid requirements. Non-ruminant animals, including man, obtain proteins principally from animals and their products – e.g., meat, milk, and eggs. The seeds of legumes are increasingly being used to prepare inexpensive protein-rich food. The protein content of animal organs is usually much higher than that of the blood plasma. Muscles, for example, contain about 30 percent protein, the liver 20 to 30 percent, and red blood cells 30 percent. Higher percentages of protein are found in hair, bones, and other organs and tissues with low water content. The quantity of free amino acids and peptides in animals is much smaller than the amount of protein. Evidently, protein molecules are produced in cells by the stepwise alignment of amino acids and are released into the body fluids only after synthesis is complete. The high protein content of some organs does not mean that the importance of proteins is related to their amount in an organism or tissue; some of the most important proteins, such as enzymes and hormones, occur in extremely small amounts. The importance of proteins is related principally to their function. All enzymes identified thus far are proteins. Enzymes, which are the catalysts of all metabolic reactions, enable an organism to build up the chemical substances necessary for life – proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats) – to convert them into other substances, and to degrade them. Life without enzymes is not possible. There are several protein hormones. Hormones are regulatory substances formed in endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream. In all vertebrates, the respiratory protein hemoglobin acts as oxygen carrier in the blood, transporting oxygen from the lung to body organs and tissues. A large group of structural proteins maintains and protects the structure of the animal body.
Return from Protein to All-Day-Energy
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